Your body is maintained at an unconscious level. Your inner self always tries to maintain our body’s balance and health yet your beliefs always interfere.

So “If you believe you can, you can”.

Grow in the direction that creates coherence for you, positive visualization and your subtle energy work is the key to success with transgenreational coherence.

Your body, vibration is playing a tune. This “music” creates – you. You ground and connect with your inner power source aka your subconscious mind.

https://www.miraclemakersacademy.com/eb/BAh7BjoWZW1haWxfZGVsaXZlcnlfaWRsKwcwqkxW–d73b6c8802ae9981928dab1874d249f91ad252ca

Transgenerational Healing may be one of the biggest mysteries in your life. Today: tune yourself to the coherence, resonance, and creativity found by great scientists like Marie Curie, Newton and Stephen Hawking or artists such as Beethoven.

Healing Inherited Dysfunctional Relationship Patterns

Identifying your Core Soul Wounds

You are a mystery. Part of that mystery is how you, your past, and our future fit together. 

Transgenerational Healing may be one of the biggest mysteries in your life. It is collectively for everyone!

It has an impact on your, my, our daily lives whether we know or don’t know it.

Even when you sleep, research correlates, your body, mind, and spirit want to repair you and heal.

Your body wants to heal so you can feel the things and situations you want in your life.

Today we will address:

• How to ask for healing so you get wholeness?
• What are the ideal practices right before you sleep?
• When you wake especially if a turbulent night sleeps, how do you stay to maintain your state of coherence?
• How do you get to deeper states of Coherence?
• How to use your mind to create a relationship with your parents, with the next generation, and with yourself?
• What acts as a magnet in your life?
• What are you sending out, what you are thinking about on a subconscious level that is attracting situations?
• How does this popular concept “that you always receive what you give”  apply to you?
• Has your heredity created marks that cannot be removed  meaning indelible marks, within you?

You can tune yourself to the coherence, resonance, and creativity found by great scientists like Marie Curie, Newton and Stephen Hawking or artists such as Beethoven.

Beethoven used to wake up in the middle of the night to write his lyrics. You will be astonished to find out that the lyrics were error-free.

This is the power of alignment is available all of the time!

You can start using it in your life to create the conditions you want by practicing transgenerational healing.

Once you start doing this, you will wake up happier and more creative.

You will solve your day to day problems easily and efficiently while manifesting anything or attracting what you really desire in your life.

You will be full of energy to tackle what is ahead of you.

Charlie Pacello, Greg Larsen, and my work has proven that if you do the work – the work – works wonders because you are wonderful!

How do we know that this works? All three of us have individually done the work with the help of mentors and have become productive. It is our life’s mission

We now help our clients have a clear picture of what each wants in their lives, achieve their goals and most importantly make a difference for the generations to come!

We will answer these questions, your questions, and help you establish your own technique. You can relieve stress and anxiety for generations. 

Let us get you into “Coherence Transgenerationally”—a restorative state in which your heart, mind, and emotions are in synch through the smallest part of you -your genetics. 

Your genetics connects you to the past and helps create the future based on what Love you are willing to express.

We hope that your practice is going well and that you’ve been benefiting from what you learned.

“Is it okay if I totally trash your office?” It’s a question Elyn Saks once asked her doctor, and it wasn’t a joke. A legal scholar, in 2007 Saks came forward with her own story of schizophrenia, controlled by drugs and therapy but ever-present. In this powerful talk, she asks us to see people with mental illness clearly, honestly and compassionately.

This talk was presented at an official TED conference, and was featured by our editors on the home page.

How to Facilitate Healing

To all appearances, Eleanor Longden was just like every other student, heading to college full of promise and without a care in the world. That was until the voices in her head started talking. Initially innocuous, these internal narrators became increasingly antagonistic and dictatorial, turning her life into a living nightmare. Diagnosed with schizophrenia, hospitalized, drugged, Longden was discarded by a system that didn’t know how to help her. Longden tells the moving tale of her years-long journey back to mental health, and makes the case that it was through learning to listen to her voices that she was able to survive.

Once upon a time, I knew how to be a doctor, stitches, and treatment.  I knew how to serve in a system designed for you to use its tools. I care for medicine!

Caring for our broken Medical System means You bring the tools of Healing to -it!

Its (Our current Health Care System) tools were based on many things especially on how to protect the system. The system did not account for individuals within it. 

It did not take measures to develop integrity, energy or adaptive intelligence even though most doctors, nurses and hospital staff have the highest level of commitment. 

My commitment to the system required more than Three hundred thousand dollars from college admission to the M.D. behind my name. 
With that M.D. and system of training, I understand the deepest level of the human body. Most Nurses spend at least $60,000 on just nursing school!

Nurses and professors and you name it -took training to be part of a system that was designed to Brand itself. 

The Medical System brand highlights the best part of its system and quickly hides, pays off, or proactively defends its system. 

What does that system want? Does it want your wellness, health, and happiness?

Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony.

Harmony – take me for example. I began medical school in the fall of 1995.

For all of the doctors that trained me and professors that guided me, my wellness was still lost. I was ill – not bleeding on the outside -bleeding on the inside full of Dis-Ease….FEAR, PTSD, and APPROVAL addiction. 

Most of the Professionals were lost but not aware of it!

Because I had training from my Grandmother, Love from my Husband, and a Baby in my belly, I found myself in Stillness!

Meaning, I rested and connected to the Unknown.

Thank you for bringing me the Tools of Transformation

Medical School, Research and Nongovernment organizations I worked as a doctor and it did not help me become well. 

I did help others, countless next steps for making each individual better. 
We did a lot of work! People work hard to give you the best you have got for when you need it. The system works really hard too. Branding itself, Protecting itself, and Growing itself.

I passed the test of the system but the system did not pass my test.

Does it pass your test? 

Do you have more Harmony, Wellness, and Service longterm? Are you a more resilient person, community, and world expressing more of its synergistic, infinite, and whole nature.

Because I wanted to create true wellness for every being on the planet.

Greg Larsen and I  founded MIRACLE MAKERS ACADEMY.

Medical systems one day will have room for HEARTS! Until then, Miracle Makers Academy is the place that medical doctors, professionals in healthcare, and people just like you come FOR CLEAR GUIDANCE.

Right now, the medical system in the United States has very little heart! The medical system BRAND may have you thinking otherwise. The brand wants you to believe in it. Thus all of the TV commercials!

Because we believe in creating a better system, we work with individuals that want to make a difference, create a better world, and commit.

Greek philosophers knew this—Iatre, therapeuson seauton), sometimes quoted in the Latin form, Medice, cura te ipsum.

This ancient proverb speaks volumes!  Physician Heal Thyself!

https://www.facebook.com/shahina.larsen/videos/10217708737177548/

One Yes can lead to….

I can speak of this because I did this! Heal Thy Self!

When I felt a baby growing in my belly, something I said yes to that terrified me yet brought me joy, I began to HEAL, FEEL, and THRIVE! 

I am healed, Whole, and Holy… as an Ordained Interfaith Minister,

I Dr. Sarah Larsen make time for your Wellness on Wednesdays.
I give from the overflow! Our Medical System will grow! It is growing as we speak!

We will heal all systems! This is what we do -Miracle Makers!

My system healed because of a Heart that cherished me!

Thank you, Jasmine Larsen, for choosing me as your Momma! Every memory in these pictures is because I followed the path of JOY, SERVICE, and SELF-MASTERY! 
You taught me to say YES when my Body and the Universe (Love, G-d, Providence,  Angels) offered me you!

Transgenerational trauma

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Transgenerational trauma, or intergenerational trauma is a psychological theory which suggests that trauma can be transferred in between generations. After a first generation of survivors experiences trauma, they are able to transfer their trauma to their children and further generations of offspring via complex post-traumatic stress disorder mechanisms. This field of research is relatively young, but has expanded in recent years.^[1]

Contents

Can you heal from Trauma? Yes you can Charlie Pacello did and You can too!  Make a difference for everyone in the world! Fridays, we begin the work of revealing and healing all generational trauma, dis-ease, and fear! Charlie Pacello joins us on Miracle Makers Academy Live to help generate the miracle frequency to telos. Each of your actions is taken to create…

Author of Meditations with Masters of the Axial Age https://charliepacello.com/2019/08/21/meditations-with-masters-of-the-axial-age/ Life Coach, and The host of the acclaimed TV/radio show ‘The Council’ on www.KUHSdenver.com.  Had the honor to personally meet with Pope Francis in 2017.  Recurring lead on a CWTV series ‘Prom Queen: The Homecoming’; Created program to overcome PTSD; Wrote article for Human Rights Agency, the United States International Mission, which helped to raise funds to build an orphanage for the Humong children in Chang Mai, Thailand. Charlie Pacello, M.A.PTSD, Depression, and Healing Trauma Recovery Expert and Life Coach(310) 722-6562 (cell)www.charliepacello.com JOIN TODAY INVITE and share this email with everyone. The life you save may be your own! Six Fridays Till May 15th, 2020.

Please help us -Become a member today! https://www.miraclemakersacademy.com/offers/SaHLSxEL/checkout?cid=ec4f317d-aabc-44ec-91f8-bef6202a0a43 Become a Lifetime Member today  And Dr. Sarah Larsen will call you in the next 72 hours  with Clear Guidance to Live an extraordinary Life! This offer is limited to the first 3 people that sign up today. https://www.miraclemakersacademy.com/offers/FwqzoZ2U/checkout?cid=ec4f317d-aabc-44ec-91f8-bef6202a0a43

Watch the replay from Relationships and 5 secrets to Transformation available when one is in an agitated state

Charles Pacello is a renowned emotional and spiritual healer, PTSD expert, and the creator of the program ‘Healing the War within the Soul’.  He is a dynamic speaker, teacher, life coach, actor, author, yoga teacher, and humanitarian. Charlie hosts the popular TV/radio show ‘The Council’, which broadcasts from Denver, CO on www.KUHSdenver.com to listeners all around the world!  He received his Individualized Masters of Arts Degree from Goddard College in 2017, an intensive study combining psychology, spirituality, and theater, and developed an innovative, in-depth, multi-disciplinary approach to healing the invisible wounds of PTSD, trauma, and abuse.  An expert in ‘Healing the War within the Soul’, he works with individuals and groups to provide them with the tools they need to heal, renew, and transform. An Air Force veteran and graduate of the U.S. Air Force Academy, he worked for many years on the Board of Directors of Soldier’s Heart, a non-profit organization to help veterans make the return journey home;  and also with The Mindful Warrior Project, bringing mindfulness practices to veterans all over the Los Angeles area. Charlie is one of the co-founders of the Los Angeles based theater company Lightning Rod Theater, and has been doing theater and film for almost 16 years, and is a proud member of SAG/AFTRA. Charlie is also a teacher and facilitator for parents going through divorce to establish healthy parenting plans for their children.  “In the Best Interests of Children” is a court approved class to guide parents into understanding how conflict affects children. The class focuses on: the impact of family conflict on children; building effective parenting plans; developmental needs of children; creating new family relationships; developing “positive co-parenting”; and seeking a child’s best interests. Charlie was integral in establishing and co-writing the mission statement for St. Rafka’s Mission of Hope and Mercy, a Catholic parish in Colorado, and traveled to Lebanon to bring the stories of the refugees coming in from Syria and Iraq.  Charlie also had the great honor to meet and shake hands with Pope Francis in the Vatican in November 2017.     

Email address:  charlespacello@gmail.com

Phone:  310-722-6562Website:  www.charliepacello.com

Intergenerational trauma was first recognized in the children of Holocaust survivors. In 1966, psychologists began to observe large numbers of children of Holocaust survivors seeking mental help in clinics in Canada. The grandchildren of Holocaust survivors were overrepresented by 300% among the referrals to a psychiatry clinic in comparison with their representation in the general population.^[2] Since then, transgenerational trauma has been documented in descendants of slaves, Native Americans, war survivors, refugees, survivors of interpersonal abuse, and many other groups.

Historical trauma[edit]

Instances of Transgenerational trauma where the trauma is a shared experience amongst a group of people and their role in society, are often referred to as historical trauma. In general, Historical trauma consists of three factors: the widespread nature, traumatic events resulting in a collective suffering, and the malicious intent of those inflicting the trauma.^[3] This form of trauma is specific as it affects a large population and is typically more complex than individual trauma. Historical trauma can result in a greater loss of identity and meaning, which in turn may affect generations upon generations until the trauma is ingrained into society.^[4]

Building upon the clinical observations by Selma Fraiberg, child trauma researchers such as Byron Egeland, Inge Bretherton, and Daniel Schechter have empirically identified psychological mechanisms that favor intergenerational transmission, including dissociation in the context of attachment, and “communication”^{[clarification needed]} of prior traumatic experience as an effect of parental efforts to maintain self-regulation in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder and related alterations in social cognitive processes.^{[5][6][7][8][9]}

Symptoms[edit]

Symptoms of intergenerational trauma always begins with the survivor of a trauma, which tend to manifest as symptoms of PTSD. Oftentimes trauma in the second generation is deemed as a traumatic response to parental trauma.^[10] Transmission between the parent and child, can be broken down into 5 measures: communication, conflict, family cohesion, parental warmth, and parental involvement.^[11] High levels of maternal stress were directly correlated with weak family functioning and indirectly correlated with deviant behavior among children. Common symptoms in children consisted of depression, antisocial behavior, delinquency, and disruptive behavior in school.^[12] Some children experienced direct transmission in which their trauma stemmed from the interactions and relationships with their parents, while others experienced indirect transmission in which their trauma was mainly rooted in guilt. Those who were affected through direct transmission were more likely to lash out through their actions, while those who were affected through indirect transmission were more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and guilt.^[13]

Symptoms also differed based on ethnicity and type of original trauma. Enslavement, genocide, domestic violence, sexual abuse, and extreme poverty are all common sources of trauma that lead to intergenerational trauma. A lack of therapy also worsens symptoms and can lead to transmission. For instance, survivors of child sexual abuse may negatively influence future generations due to their past unresolved trauma. This can lead to increased feelings of mistrust, isolation, and loneliness.^[14] Descendants of slaves when faced with racism-motivated violence, microaggressions, or outward racism, react as if they were faced with the original trauma that was generationally transmitted to them. There are a variety of stressors in one’s life that led to this PTSD-like reaction such as varying racist experiences, daily stressors, major race-related life events, or collective racism or traumas.^[15] This also presents itself in parenting styles.^[16] Parents who not only receive the trauma genetically but also experience stressors frequently may create a home environment that deflects the stress they experience, adding on to the inherent stress of the child. Goodman and West-Olatunji proposed potential transgenerational trauma in the aftermath of natural disasters.^[17] In a post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans, residents have seen a dramatic increase in interpersonal violence with higher mortality rates.^[18] This phenomenon has been also been reported in the descendants of Indigenous students at residential schools, who were removed from their parents and extended family and lacked models for parenting as a result. Being punished for speaking their native language and forbidden from practicing traditional rituals had a traumatic effect on many students, and child abuse was rampant in the schools as well.^{[19][20][21][22]}

Symptoms of transgenerational trauma have in recent years been identified among Black Americans, in relation to the effects of slavery and racial discrimination. This passing of trauma can be rooted from the family unit itself, or found in society via current discrimination and oppression.^[23] The traumatic event does not need to be individually experienced by all members of a family; the lasting effects can still remain and impact descendants from external factors. For example, Black children’s internalization of others’ reactions to their skin color manifests as a form of lasting trauma originally experienced by their ancestors.^[24][25] This reaction to Black skin stems from similar attitudes that led to the traumatizing conditions and enslavement of slaves. Black children and youth are more susceptible to racial trauma because they have not yet acquired the knowledge to have a full understanding of racism and its effects. However, these traumatizing behaviors experienced at such a young age are a reflection of a child’s parenting. A White child may learn racist behaviors from their environment, but on the same token a Black child can learn to assert their blackness and how to respond to racist remarks and actions from their parents.^[26] Traces of trauma have an impact on Black and other minority children’s success in an educational context. Transgenerational trauma has also been heavily recorded in refugees and their children, which can last through several generations. Such traumas can stem from violence, political persecution, familial instability, as well as the hardships of migration.^[27]

Affected groups

Descendants of slaves

In recent years, symptoms of transgenerational trauma has been identified among Black Americans, in relation to the effects of slavery and racial discrimination. This passing of trauma can be rooted from the family unit itself, or found in society via current discrimination and oppression. The traumatic event does not need to be individually experienced by all members of a family; the lasting effects can still remain and impact descendants from external factors. For example, Black children’s internalization of others’ reactions to their skin color manifests as a form of lasting trauma originally experienced by their ancestors. This reaction to Black skin stems from similar attitudes that led to the traumatizing conditions and enslavement of slaves. Black children and youth are more susceptible to racial trauma because they have not yet acquired the knowledge to have a full understanding of racism and its effects. However, these traumatizing behaviors experienced at such a young age are a reflection of a child’s parenting. A White child may learn racist behaviors from their environment, but on the same token a Black child can learn to assert their blackness and how to respond to racist remarks and actions from their parents. Traces of trauma have an impact on Black and other minority children’s success in an educational context. Trangenerational trauma has also been heavily recorded in refugees and their children, which can last through several generations. Such traumas can stem from violence, political persecution, familial instability, as well as the hardships of migration.

In general, Black Americans who suffer from any mental illness are resistant to receiving treatment due to stigma, negative conceptions, and fear of discrimination. This reduces the number of those affected to seek help.^[28] Lack of treatment causes the symptoms to compound leading to further internalization of distress and a worsening of mental health in the individual.^[29] Those affected by race-based trauma oftentimes do not seek treatment not only because of stigma but because of fear that the medical professional will not understand their perspective of a disenfranchised minority. Furthermore, the existing stigma of mental health has led to a lack of research and consequently treatment. However, lack of treatment can also be attributed to the misdiagnosis of symptoms. Signs of trauma exhibited in Black children are often labeled as behavioral or educational disabilities, allowing the trauma to go untreated. While trauma symptoms often manifest as other mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety, the larger diagnosis often goes untreated.^[30]

Native Americans

Intergenerational Trauma has also been documented in Native American families. While it is difficult to maintain large generalizations about an ethnic group that is non homogenous, in comparison to other minority groups in the US, Native American are more likely to suffer from mental illness and have a suicide rate higher than the national average. However, it is difficult for researchers to understand to what extent these statistics are due to intergenerational trauma. For example, Native Americans today still face discrimination and persecution by the US government and many symptoms that stem from events could easily be misdiagnosed as intergenerational trauma. Still, some research has shown that the worst cases of intergenerational trauma were documented in Native Americans and persisted through 6 generations.^[31] Much of their trauma has stemmed from the suppression of culture, lack of governmental protection, and the ongoing systemic oppression of their people.^[32]

Refugees

One group of people that are often more likely to experience transgenerational trauma is refugees. While all refugees experience some sort of trauma, war related trauma has been documented to have longer lasting effects mental health and span through more generations.^[27] Children are especially prone to the trauma of resettling as their childhood has been disrupted by a migration to a new country. They also often face the difficulty of learning a new language, adapting to a new environment, and navigating the social system of school in their host country. Furthermore, most host countries, do not provide an adequate mental healthcare systems to refugees which can worsen symptoms and lead to transmission of trauma.^[31] In general, children of refugees overall had higher levels of depression, PTSD, anxiety, attention deficiency, stress, and other psychological issues.^[27] Often times, these symptoms manifest as teen delinquency and violent behavior.^[33]

Cambodian

Since 1975, the US has accepted many refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos. While majority of these groups were fleeing war and poverty, Cambodian refugees were also fleeing a genocide from the Khmer Rouge. The atrocities of violence, starvation and torture were common themes experienced by these refugees.^[34] Compared to the national rate of PTSD, Cambodian refugees were found to have a significantly higher rate of PTSD.^[35] While over parenting can sometimes be seen as a symptom of PTSD, this was not widely expressed among Cambodian Americans.^[36] Instead, many Cambodian refugee families refused to talk about their trauma creating an isolating environment for the child. This lead to a transmission of trauma and through the continuing pattern of silence and refusal to acknowledge an issue or seek treatment. ^[37] Recent evidence also suggests that the intergenerational trauma can stem from a generational, cultural, and language divide amongst children and their parents. Parental expectations of the hierarchical structure of the family, familial obligations, and a language barrier were found to be common themes of conflict.^[38] Studies also showed that when both parental figures had PTSD, the child was more likely to have higher rates of PTSD.^[35] There has also been data showing that the children of survivors from regions with higher rates of violence and mortality displayed stronger overall symptoms.^[34] Role reversal parenting as a form of therapy has show to have positive outcomes amongst Cambodian Americans and have helped to mend broken relationships between parent and child with a much more significant effect on mothers and daughters. In this type of therapy, the parent looks to the child for emotional support which may lower PTSD in the parent, and decrease a sense of isolation and abandonment for the child.^[36]

Survivors of childhood abuse

Transmission

Epigenetic transmission

See also: Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance

Previous research assumed that trauma was only transmitted by the parents’ child-rearing behavior. However, it may also be epigenetically transferred. Epigenetics studies how gene expression and cellular activity is influenced by external factors such as environment. A vastly researched event of epigenetics modifying genes within generations is the Dutch Hunger Winter Famine. Those directly experiencing the famine suppressed specific genes and expressed other ones that aided in survival. When the survivors had offspring, their children also had the same genes suppressed and/or expressed. Therefore, one way trauma can be transferred is through epigenetics. Furthermore, when a child is raised in the same environment as their ancestors, it can trigger the reformation of a gene in each generation; this is the most indirect form of epigenetic imprinting. The epigenome may also be passed through the gametes. For this to occur, the epigenome must be present in the germline. The epigenome is also extensively reprogrammed during germ cell differentiation and after fertilization to create totipotent cells, erasing many changes that occur during an individual’s lifetime.^[39] Therefore, the best candidates for heritable epigenetic marks are located at repeat/transposable sequences or regulatory elements that are resistant to reprogramming.^[40] Since epigenetic mechanisms can be affected by the environment, it is difficult to determine the extent to which the environment and direct inheritance influence offsprings’ epigenome. Therefore, the most compelling studies are in lab settings with controlled environments.

Non-coding RNA is currently one of the most investigated epigenetic mechanisms in the study of transgenerational trauma. Small ncRNAs guide DNA/ histone methylation and post-transcriptionally regulate mRNA.^[41] In C. elegans, starvation-induced stress triggered the expression of small RNAs that cause gene silencing and persist for several generations. These generational effects have been correlated with behavioral phenotypes in some studies. When microRNA (miRNA) from the sperm of these C. elegans was injected into fertilized oocytes, the offspring exhibited similar phenotypes.^[40] Although the mechanism of this transmission is complex, one hypothesis is that piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) and exogenous RNAi are involved in a pathway with secondary small RNAs and chromatin regulatory complexes that results in stable transgenerational inheritance.^[42]

DNA methylation is another mechanism studied for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. 5-methylcytosine (5mC) is the form of methylated DNA linked to gene repression in mammals, and N6-Methyladenosineis linked to promotion of gene activity. Various empirical studies have shown that trauma alters methylation patterns in the offspring of survivors, predominantly at the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) gene.^[43] For DNA methylation to be inherited, it has to be stable enough to undergo mitosis and meiosis, and it must escape the aforementioned epigenetic reprogramming. 5mc at repeat sequences and rare regulatory elements are resistant to reprogramming.^[40] However, it has been hard to find methylated regions that are stable over multiple generations, and there have been a lot of discrepancies across studies. These discrepancies may be due to method of methylation analysis used or due to variations in the epigenome between individuals.

Recent evidence suggests that histone modifications may also be inherited across generations. Histones tend to be preserved at housekeeping sites and developmentally regulated genes in sperm and are preserved everywhere in oocytes.^[40] Although it isn’t confirmed, if changes in the histone modification machinery were to cause phenotypic changes, a second epigenetic mechanism may be involved.

Transmission during pregnancy

Another major way that stress can be transmitted across generations biologically is through the uterine environment. The gestational stage is a developmentally sensitive stage in an individual’s lifespan. Exposure to harmful stimuli during this stage can have long-lasting, detrimental effects.^[44] The uterine environment with its unique blend of the mother’s cellular secretions and proteins is a major source of stimuli.^[45] Empirical evidence has shown that trauma experienced by a mother during pregnancy can affect offspring’s physiology and psychology.^[43] One possible method of transmission is through transport vesicles transferring amino acids and microRNA from the uterine fluid to the fetus.^[44] These molecules may then alter gene expression in a way that affects the developmental trajectory of the fetus. Most biological research on transgenerational trauma has focused on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is the center of the body’s stress response system. One way the HPA axis responds to stress is by triggering the production of glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol.^[43] Cortisol triggers “fight-or-flight” physiological symptoms like increased blood pressure and heart rate. In animal models, maternal stress and trauma during pregnancy has been shown to reduce the expression of placental enzyme 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11 ?-HSD2), which converts the mother’s cortisol to inactive cortisone. This leads to increased fetal exposure to the mother’s glucocorticoids, which affects the development of glucocorticoid-sensitive systems like the HPA axis. In some studies, abnormal cortisol levels compared to controls and alterations in DNA methylation were observed in infants of mothers who endured trauma while pregnant, particularly in the NR3C1 glucocorticoid receptor gene.^[45]

Psychological and social aspects

There are many current transgenerational studies that have been done on adults that have experienced natural disasters or adversities. One study revealed that the children of Australian Vietnam War-Veterans are more likely to suffer from family dysfunction, lower self-esteem, and symptoms resembling the disorders (most commonly PTSD) of their parents.^{[citation needed]} Another study done on the offspring of torture victims was performed. The study found that they showed more symptoms of anxiety, depression, post?traumatic stress, attention deficits and behavioral disorders compared with the comparison group of those who had not experienced the specific trauma.^[46] A qualitative study was done on the Brazilian children of Holocaust survivors. This study was able to propose not only a supported model of the transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences, but one also of resilience patterns that can be transmitted in between generations and developed within generations.^[47] Researchers Cowan, Callaghan, & Richardson studied the impact of early-life adversities on individuals and their descendants. Their research was also consistent with the transmission theory, in which their findings revealed that the stress phenotype that was expressed in individuals who experienced the adversity was also observed in children and even grandchildren.^[48]

The famous study of Harlow’s monkeys also revealed that the adversity of a maternal variable which would create stress in the individual was also witnessed in their offspring although not having experienced the adversity.^[49] One last study displayed that if children were exposed to high postnatal maternal licking/grooming and arched-back nursing then they were likely to do the same to their offspring. Vice versa, if children experienced low LG-ABN mothers, then they were likely to provide the same to their offspring. Consequently, this causes a decrease in serotonin and expression, and an increase in methylation. Ultimately, a more stressed pup is created, causing this phenotype to be passed on through experience and genes.^[50]

Theses studies allude to the fact that oftentimes adversity, especially early on and for longer periods of time, can impact development in individuals and their offspring.

The oppression that blacks experienced through slavery and enduring racism has a psychological impact on how they view achievement.^[51] In terms of the social aspects of this, the repackaged forms of racism seem to make it difficult for blacks to surpass a certain SES threshold, to escape a certain neighborhood, to move beyond a certain lifestyle or status, or to exist without first acknowledging their setback: being black.^[52]

The “Trail of Tears” still affect the Native Americans today.^[53] The act of taking their lands from them and displacing them is still one that is practiced today and therefore is still one that affects them many generations later. The social enforcement of their ostracization causes them to be generally removed from society, to be powerless and uninvited in government, and to be left to fend for themselves. This trauma unless socially altered will continue to exist and continue to cause Natives to become used to insignificant existence.^[21]

Treatment

Like all other mental disorders, the key to preventing transgenerational trauma is to recognize the issue and to intervene before transmission occurs. Because intergenerational trauma often stems from other issues, it is often unrecognized or misdiagnosed by clinicians.^[54] Moreover, there is a lack of trauma therapy specialists in the US which further affects treatment.^[55] A lack of treatment has many consequences such as health, behavioral, and social issues that can persist throughout the child’s life.^[56]

In more complex intergenerational trauma diagnoses, the Transgenerational Trauma and Resilience Genogram (TTRG) can be helpful to clinicians to fully grasp the situation. The TTRG maps out the family unit, marking those who have experienced trauma and their experience, as well as relationships between individuals, and patterns of functioning.